Enhanced antitumor effect of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in Dalton’s ascites lymphoma mice

Curcumin is widely known for its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects and has been reported to possess anticancerous activity as well. However, its medical application is limited because of poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism. In this study, we encapsulated curcumin in solid lipid nanoparticles and studied its anticancerous effect in Dalton’s Ascites Lymphoma (DAL) mice model. The physicochemical characteristics of curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CUR-SLN) were assessed and the anticancer efficacy was determined by in vivo studies. The curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles were synthesized by solvent emulsification evaporation method with particle size less than 100 nm. Antitumor effect of nanocurcumin (50 mg/kg) and curcumin (100 mg/kg) was evaluated in Dalton’s Ascites Lymphoma bearing mice. Pathological and immunohistochemical parameters were studied. Mean survival time and percentage increase in lifespan were assessed. Nanocurcumin group showed more significant influence in reducing tumor volume and weight, inducing apoptosis, reducing angiogenesis and invasion restoring antioxidant parameters and increased mean survival time. Curcumin and nanocurcumin inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf-kB), and thereby proved the pathway by which it induced anti-angiogenic and anti-invasive property.

Three new sesquiterpenes from roots of Curcuma longa / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To study the chemical constituents from the roots of Curcuma longa.@*METHODS@#The structures of the compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV, and CD analysis.@*RESULTS@#Two new sesquiterpene compounds (1S,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one ( 1), (1R,2R,5R,7S,8R)-2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-dioen-9-one ( 2), and a new natural product 6-(4-Hydroxymethylphenyl)-2-methyl-hept-2-ene-4-one ( 3) together with three known compounds ar-turmerone ( 4), 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl-3-methyl)-2-hepten-4-one ( 5) and 2-methyl-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-hepten-4-one ( 6) were isolated from C. longa root extract with 95% ethanol.@*CONCLUSION@#In the study, three new compounds were isolated from C. longa, and their absolute configurations were determined.

Effect of processing with vinegar on efficacy of Curcuma longa in treatment of dysmenorrhea in rats with syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation / 中国中药杂志

This study compared the effects of Curcuma longa before and after processing with vinegar on the rat model of dysmenorrhea with the syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation to reveal the mechanism of vinegar processing in improving the role of C. longa in soothing liver and relieving pain. The rat model of dysmenorrhea with the syndrome of liver depression and Qi stagnation was established according to the Preparation of the Animal Model of Dysmenorrhea(Draft) and the chronic unpredictable stress me-thod. The changes in the body weight, organ indexes, writhing latency, writhing score, and serum levels of six liver function indicators, sex hormones, pain factors, and blood rheological indicators were measured to evaluate the efficacy of C. longa processed with vinegar or not in treating dysmenorrhea in the rats with syndrome of liver depression and qi stagnation. Compared with the model group, the C. longa group(processed with vinegar or not) showed slow weight loss, increase in writhing latency, and decrease in writhing response(P<0.05). The inhibition rates on writhing in raw C. longa, vinegar-processed C. longa, and positive groups were 33.780%, 64.611%, and 62.466%, respectively. The significantly higher inhibition rate of the vinegar processing group indicated that vinegar-processed C. longa demonstrated more significant therapeutic effect. The vinegar-processed C. longa group showed lower levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), aspartate aminotransferase(AST), direct bilirubin(DBIL), and total bilirubin(TBIL) and higher level of albumin(ALB)(P<0.05), which indicated that vinegar processing enhanced the therapeutic effect of C. longa on liver injury. The serum levels of estradiol(E_2) and oxytocin(OT) were lower in the vinegar-processed C. longa group(P<0.05), indicating that the vinegar-processed C. longa could regulate the sex hormone levels, reduce the activity of uterine smooth muscle and contraction of uterus, and alleviate the symptoms of dysmenorrhea in rats. Moreover, the vinegar-processed C. longa group showed lower interleukin-6(IL-6) and arginine vasopressin(AVP) levels and higher beta-endorphin(β-EP) level(P<0.05), which indicated that vinegar-processed C. longa regulated the levels of pain factors to exert the pain-relieving effect. Drug intervention decreased the whole blood viscosity low-cut, medium-cut and high-cut values, plasma viscosity, whole blood reduction viscosity low-cut and high-cut values, erythrocyte cumulative pressure, and equation K value of erythrocyte sedimentation rate(P<0.05), and the vinegar-processed C. longa group outperformed other groups. This result indicated that vinegar processing enhanced the function of C. longa in improving the local blood rheology. C. longa processed with vinegar can enter the liver to relieve the da-mage to the heart, liver, kidney, and uterus, repair the liver function, and recover the sex hormone levels and immune function by regulating the levels of sex hormones and pain factors and improving the blood rheology. It activates the pain-relieving mechanism to relieve the pain, protect the liver, and fight inflammation, which is consistent with the theory that vinegar processing facilitates C. longa entering the liver to sooth liver and relieve pain.

Material basis and mechanism of Curcuma longa tuberous roots with and without vinegar processing in treating primary dysmenorrhea / 中国中药杂志

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical components in Curcuma longa tuberous roots(HSYJ), C. longa tuberous roots processed with vinegar(CHSYJ), and rat serum after the administration. The active components of HSYJ and CHSYJ absorbed in serum were identified based on the secondary spectrum of database and literature. The targets of primary dysmenorrhea was screened out from database. The protein-protein interaction network analysis, gene ontology(GO) functional annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for the common targets shared by the drug active components in serum and primary dysmenorrhea, and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. AutoDock was used to conduct molecular docking between the core components and targets. A total of 44 chemical components were identified from HSYJ and CHSYJ, including 18 absorbed in serum. On the basis of network pharmacology, we identified 8 core components(including procurcumenol, isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ferulic acid, and zedoarondiol) and 10 core targets \[including interleukin-6(IL-6), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2)\]. The core targets were mainly distributed in the heart, liver, uterus, and smooth muscle. The molecular docking results showed that the core components were well bound to the core targets, indicating that HSYJ and CHSYJ may exert therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea via estrogen, ovarian steroidogenesis, tumor necrosis factor(TNF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), IL-17 and other signaling pathways. This study clarifies the HSYJ and CHSYJ components absorbed in serum, as well as the corresponding mechanism, providing a reference for further elucidating the therapeutic material basis and clinical application of HSYJ and CHSYJ.

A comparative study to evaluate the effects of antibiotics, plant extracts and fluoride-based toothpaste on the oral pathogens isolated from patients with gum diseases in Pakistan / Um estudo comparativo para avaliar os efeitos de antibióticos, extratos vegetais e creme dental à base de flúor sobre os patógenos orais isolados de pacientes com doenças gengivais no Paquistão

Abstract Oral diseases caused by various microorganisms are common around the world. Scientific research has now been focusing on novel medicines to overcome bacterial resistance and antibiotics side effects; therefore, the current study was designed to assess the efficacy of certain antibiotics, toothpaste, and medicinal plant extracts (Ajuga bracteosa and Curcuma longa) versus the bacterial pathogens isolated from the human oral cavity. A total of 130 samples were collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, among those 27 species isolated, and eight bacterial species were identified from the samples. Among all the bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) and Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) were found to be more prevalent oral pathogens. In comparison, the least pervasive microbes were Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The study also suggested that dental problems were more prevalent in males (41-50 years of age) than females. Among the eight antibiotics used in the study, the most promising results were shown by Foxicillin against A. hydrophila. The survey of TP1 revealed that it showed more potent antagonist activity against Proteus vulgaris as compared TP2 and TP3 that might be due to the high content of fluoride. The Curcuma longa showed more significant activity than Ajuga bracteosa (Stem, leaves and root) extracts. The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for oral bacterial pathogens than toothpaste and plant extracts which showed moderate and low activity, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the active compounds in individual medicinal plants like Curcuma longa and Ajuga bracteosa could replace the antibiotics when used in daily routine as tooth cleansers or mouth rinses.

Resumo As doenças bucais causadas por vários microrganismos são comuns em todo o mundo. A pesquisa científica agora tem se concentrado em novos medicamentos para superar a resistência bacteriana e os efeitos colaterais dos antibióticos; portanto, o presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a eficácia de certos antibióticos, pasta de dente e extratos de plantas medicinais (Ajuga bracteosa e Curcuma longa) contra os patógenos bacterianos isolados da cavidade oral humana. No total, 130 amostras foram coletadas do Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Paquistão, entre essas, 27 espécies foram isoladas e oito espécies bacterianas foram identificadas a partir das amostras. Entre todas as espécies bacterianas, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) e Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) foram os patógenos orais mais prevalentes. Em comparação, os micróbios menos difundidos foram Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hydrophila. O estudo também sugeriu que os problemas dentários eram mais prevalentes em homens (41-50 anos de idade) do que em mulheres. Entre os oito antibióticos usados ​​no estudo, os resultados mais promissores foram mostrados pelo Foxicillin contra A. hydrophila. A pesquisa de TP1 revelou que ele mostrou atividade antagonista mais potente contra Proteus vulgaris em comparação a TP2 e TP3, o que pode ser devido ao alto teor de flúor. A Curcuma longa apresentou atividade mais significativa em relação aos extratos de Ajuga bracteosa (caule, folhas e raiz). Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que os antibióticos foram mais eficazes para os patógenos bacterianos orais do que os dentifrícios e os extratos vegetais que apresentaram atividade moderada e baixa, respectivamente. Portanto, sugere-se que os compostos ativos em plantas medicinais individuais como Curcuma longa e Ajuga bracteosa possam substituir os antibióticos quando usados ​​na rotina diária como limpadores de dentes ou enxaguatórios bucais.

Produtos fitoterápicos manipulados em um laboratório de manipulação no Estado do Paraná / Phytotherapeutic products handled in a handling laboratory in the State of Paraná / Productos fitoterapéuticos manipulados en un laboratorio de manipulación en el Estado de Paraná

As plantas medicinais foram os primeiros recursos terapêuticos obtidos pelos povos e há registros do seu uso em todos os momentos da História, por grande parte das civilizações. No Brasil, o uso das plantas medicinais é resultado dos conhecimentos de três populações: indígena, europeia e africana. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a manipulação mensal de um laboratório de fitoterápicos na cidade de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Os dados que foram coletados para a presente pesquisa são: número de cápsulas manipuladas mensalmente para cada um dos fitoterápicos, os quais serão obtidos a partir dos relatórios de manipulação de fitoterápicos mensais no ano de 2021 e individuais de cada unidade de saúde, fornecidos pela Secretaria de Saúde. Não havendo acesso a informações de pacientes e tampouco contato com eles. As informações dos relatórios foram tabuladas em planilha a fim de se estabelecer os três principais fitoterápicos manipulados no período preestabelecido. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, exploratório, documental e retrospectivo. Observamos que a média de manipulação foi de 34.029 cápsulas por mês, os fitoterápicos mais manipulados no ano de 2021, foram: Passiflora incarnata (maracujá), Aesculus hippocastanum (castanha da índia) e Curcuma longa. Também foi possível notar que houve um aumento gradual de dispensações após a capacitação dos profissionais, ocorrida entre junho e setembro. Além disso, verificamos que há uma grande diferença na quantidade dispensada por cada farmácia municipal, possivelmente devido ao nível de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde e se preferem ou não prescrever aos pacientes.

Medicinal plants were the first therapeutic resources obtained by people and there are records of their use at all times of history, by a large part of civilizations. In Brazil, the use of medicinal plants is a result of the knowledge of three populations: indigenous, European and African. The present work aims to characterize the monthly handling of a plant medicine laboratory in the city of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. The data that were collected for this research are: number of capsules handled monthly for each one of the phytotherapics, which will be obtained from the reports of handling of monthly phytotherapics in the year 2021 and individual of each health unit, provided by the Secretariat of Health. There is no access to patient information and no contact with them. The information in the reports was tabulated into a spreadsheet in order to establish the three main phytotherapics handled in the pre-established period. This is an exploratory, documentary and retrospective field study. We observed that the average handling was 34,029 capsules per month, the most manipulated phytotherapics in the year 2021, were: Passiflora incarnata (passion fruit), Aesculus hippocastanum (chestnut from India) and Curcuma longa. It was also possible to note that there was a gradual increase in dispensations after the training of professionals, which took place between June and September. In addition, we note that there is a big difference in the amount dispensed by each municipal pharmacy, possibly due to the level of knowledge of health professionals and whether or not they prefer to prescribe to patients.

Las plantas médicas fueron los primeros recursos terapéuticos obtenidos por los pueblos y hay registros de su uso en todo momento de la historia, por una gran parte de las civilizaciones. En Brasil, el uso de plantas medicinales es el resultado del conocimiento de tres poblaciones: indígenas, europeos y africanos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la manipulación mensual de un laboratorio fitoterapéutico en la ciudad de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Los datos recogidos para esta investigación son: el número de cápsulas manejadas mensualmente para cada una de las fitoterapias, que se obtendrán de los informes mensuales de manipulación fitoterapéutica en el año 2021 y el individuo de cada unidad de salud, proporcionados por el Departamento de Salud. No hay acceso a la información del paciente ni contacto con ella. La información contenida en los informes se tabuló en una hoja de cálculo para establecer las tres principales fitoterapias manipuladas en el periodo predefinido. Se trata de un estudio de campo, exploratorio, documental y retrospectivo. Observamos que la manipulación media fue de 34.029 cápsulas al mes, las fitoterapias más manipuladas en 2021 fueron: Passiflora incarnata (fruto de la pasión), Aesculus hippocastanum (castaño indio) y Curcuma longa. También es posible señalar que se ha producido un aumento gradual de las dispensaciones después de la capacitación de profesionales, que se llevó a cabo entre junio y septiembre. Además, vemos que existe una enorme diferencia en la cantidad que proporciona cada farmacia municipal, posiblemente debido al nivel de conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud y si prefieren recetarla a los pacientes o no. PALABRAS CLAVE: Fitoterapias; Farmacias Municipales; Curcuma Longa; Passiflora Incarnata; Aesculus Hippocastanum.

A comparative study to evaluate the effects of antibiotics, plant extracts and fluoride-based toothpaste on the oral pathogens isolated from patients with gum diseases in Pakistan / Um estudo comparativo para avaliar os efeitos de antibióticos, extratos vegetais e creme dental à base de flúor sobre os patógenos orais isolados de pacientes com doenças gengivais no Paquistão

Oral diseases caused by various microorganisms are common around the world. Scientific research has now been focusing on novel medicines to overcome bacterial resistance and antibiotics side effects; therefore, the current study was designed to assess the efficacy of certain antibiotics, toothpaste, and medicinal plant extracts (Ajuga bracteosa and Curcuma longa) versus the bacterial pathogens isolated from the human oral cavity. A total of 130 samples were collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, among those 27 species isolated, and eight bacterial species were identified from the samples. Among all the bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) and Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) were found to be more prevalent oral pathogens. In comparison, the least pervasive microbes were Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The study also suggested that dental problems were more prevalent in males (41-50 years of age) than females. Among the eight antibiotics used in the study, the most promising results were shown by Foxicillin against A. hydrophila. The survey of TP1 revealed that it showed more potent antagonist activity against Proteus vulgaris as compared TP2 and TP3 that might be due to the high content of fluoride. The Curcuma longa showed more significant activity than Ajuga bracteosa (Stem, leaves and root) extracts. The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for oral bacterial pathogens than toothpaste and plant extracts which showed moderate and low activity, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the active compounds in individual medicinal plants like Curcuma longa and Ajuga bracteosa could replace the antibiotics when used in daily routine as tooth cleansers or mouth rinses.

As doenças bucais causadas por vários microrganismos são comuns em todo o mundo. A pesquisa científica agora tem se concentrado em novos medicamentos para superar a resistência bacteriana e os efeitos colaterais dos antibióticos; portanto, o presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a eficácia de certos antibióticos, pasta de dente e extratos de plantas medicinais (Ajuga bracteosa e Curcuma longa) contra os patógenos bacterianos isolados da cavidade oral humana. No total, 130 amostras foram coletadas do Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Paquistão, entre essas, 27 espécies foram isoladas e oito espécies bacterianas foram identificadas a partir das amostras. Entre todas as espécies bacterianas, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) e Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) foram os patógenos orais mais prevalentes. Em comparação, os micróbios menos difundidos foram Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hydrophila. O estudo também sugeriu que os problemas dentários eram mais prevalentes em homens (41-50 anos de idade) do que em mulheres. Entre os oito antibióticos usados no estudo, os resultados mais promissores foram mostrados pelo Foxicillin contra A. hydrophila. A pesquisa de TP1 revelou que ele mostrou atividade antagonista mais potente contra Proteus vulgaris em comparação a TP2 e TP3, o que pode ser devido ao alto teor de flúor. A Curcuma longa apresentou atividade mais significativa em relação aos extratos de Ajuga bracteosa (caule, folhas e raiz). Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que os antibióticos foram mais eficazes para os patógenos bacterianos orais do que os dentifrícios e os extratos vegetais que apresentaram atividade moderada e baixa, respectivamente. Portanto, sugere-se que os compostos ativos em plantas medicinais individuais como Curcuma longa e Ajuga bracteosa possam substituir os antibióticos quando usados na rotina diária como limpadores de dentes ou enxaguatórios bucais.

A comparative study to evaluate the effects of antibiotics, plant extracts and fluoride-based toothpaste on the oral pathogens isolated from patients with gum diseases in Pakistan

Abstract Oral diseases caused by various microorganisms are common around the world. Scientific research has now been focusing on novel medicines to overcome bacterial resistance and antibiotics side effects; therefore, the current study was designed to assess the efficacy of certain antibiotics, toothpaste, and medicinal plant extracts (Ajuga bracteosa and Curcuma longa) versus the bacterial pathogens isolated from the human oral cavity. A total of 130 samples were collected from Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan, among those 27 species isolated, and eight bacterial species were identified from the samples. Among all the bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) and Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) were found to be more prevalent oral pathogens. In comparison, the least pervasive microbes were Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila. The study also suggested that dental problems were more prevalent in males (41-50 years of age) than females. Among the eight antibiotics used in the study, the most promising results were shown by Foxicillin against A. hydrophila. The survey of TP1 revealed that it showed more potent antagonist activity against Proteus vulgaris as compared TP2 and TP3 that might be due to the high content of fluoride. The Curcuma longa showed more significant activity than Ajuga bracteosa (Stem, leaves and root) extracts. The data obtained through this study revealed that antibiotics were more effective for oral bacterial pathogens than toothpaste and plant extracts which showed moderate and low activity, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that the active compounds in individual medicinal plants like Curcuma longa and Ajuga bracteosa could replace the antibiotics when used in daily routine as tooth cleansers or mouth rinses.

Resumo As doenças bucais causadas por vários microrganismos são comuns em todo o mundo. A pesquisa científica agora tem se concentrado em novos medicamentos para superar a resistência bacteriana e os efeitos colaterais dos antibióticos; portanto, o presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a eficácia de certos antibióticos, pasta de dente e extratos de plantas medicinais (Ajuga bracteosa e Curcuma longa) contra os patógenos bacterianos isolados da cavidade oral humana. No total, 130 amostras foram coletadas do Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Paquistão, entre essas, 27 espécies foram isoladas e oito espécies bacterianas foram identificadas a partir das amostras. Entre todas as espécies bacterianas, Staphylococcus aureus (29.62%) e Proteus mirabilis (22.2%) foram os patógenos orais mais prevalentes. Em comparação, os micróbios menos difundidos foram Proteus vulgaris, Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hydrophila. O estudo também sugeriu que os problemas dentários eram mais prevalentes em homens (41-50 anos de idade) do que em mulheres. Entre os oito antibióticos usados no estudo, os resultados mais promissores foram mostrados pelo Foxicillin contra A. hydrophila. A pesquisa de TP1 revelou que ele mostrou atividade antagonista mais potente contra Proteus vulgaris em comparação a TP2 e TP3, o que pode ser devido ao alto teor de flúor. A Curcuma longa apresentou atividade mais significativa em relação aos extratos de Ajuga bracteosa (caule, folhas e raiz). Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que os antibióticos foram mais eficazes para os patógenos bacterianos orais do que os dentifrícios e os extratos vegetais que apresentaram atividade moderada e baixa, respectivamente. Portanto, sugere-se que os compostos ativos em plantas medicinais individuais como Curcuma longa e Ajuga bracteosa possam substituir os antibióticos quando usados na rotina diária como limpadores de dentes ou enxaguatórios bucais.

Antibacterial efficacy of manuka honey, ocimum sanctum, curcuma longa and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on the level of streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus - A randomized controlled trial

Objective: To assess the effects of Manuka honey, Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus levels. Material and Methods: A randomized controlled trial will be conducted on dental students of Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad. The study participants will be divided into four groups. Each group will have a total of 20 individuals. By using a lottery system, Group A (Manuka honey mouthrinse), Group B (Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse), Group C (Curcuma longa mouthrinse), and Group D (0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse) will be chosen. To match the circadian cycle, saliva will be collected at baseline and again after 2 weeks between 10 and 10.30 a.m. The sterile container will subsequently be delivered to the microbiological laboratory and processed as soon as possible to measure Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus count. For 2 weeks, participants were told to use 10 mL of mouthrinse twice daily. Results: The mean oral hygiene index?simplified (OHI?S) score of all the four groups showed reduction in their scores from baseline to after the study period. For both S. mutans and L. acidophilus, there was a substantial Percentage Reduction (PR) between the prerinse and postrinse samples in all four groups. Discussion: Because quantitative actions play a crucial part in the caries disease process, the changes in microbial activity before and after administration of experimental mouthwashes were examined. Conclusion: Essential oil aqueous extracts were as efficient antibacterial mouthwashes as chlorhexidine and iodine mouthwashes

Evaluation of In vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Methanol Extract of Curcuma longa Linn against Some Clinical Isolates

Since ancient times, plants have been used as a source of medicinal compounds. This study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial potential of the methanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome against some clinical isolates. A total of seven clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium species were used. Different concentrations of the extracts were made. Agar well diffusion methods were used for bacterial and Candida albicans while agar dilution technique was used for the mold strains. Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as a standard positive control against the bacteria and fungi respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a negative control. The result showed that methanol extract of Curcuma longa rhizome inhibited the growth of all tested organisms. The zone of inhibition of K. pneumoniae ranged from 9.33-13.33mm, S. aureus, 6.33-12.67mm, E. coli, 8- 11.67mm, P. aeruginosa, 7.67-10mm, and Candida albicans 8.33-13mm while the control drug Ciprofloxacin ranged from 25.33-41.33mm and fluconazole was 20mm. The percentage inhibition of diameter of growth of Fusarium spp ranged from 74.61-100% and that of A. flavus ranged from 32.44-100%. The positive control drug (Fluconazole) and 250mg/ml of the extract showed complete inhibition of the test organisms. Qualitative phytochemical studies of the extract of Curcuma longa in different solvents (N-hexane, water, methanol, and acetone) showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids. This result is indicative of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential and could be employed in the management and treatment of infections. This study corroborates the plant's historic use and lays the groundwork for potential therapeutic development.

Influence of different preparation techniques on the composition and antioxidant action of curcumin and curcuminoids / Influencia de diferentes técnicas de preparación en la composición y acción antioxidante de la curcumina y los curcuminoides

Epidemiological evidence indicates that plant antioxidants activity can treat or help to prevent the development of various diseases. One species with great potential as an antioxidant is Curcuma longa. However, different extraction techniquescan influence isolated chemical compounds. This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two rhizome extracts of C. longa: hydroethanolic, obtained by exhaustion (HECLex); and dried by a spray dryer (HECLsd). The phytochemical composition was evaluated by GC/MS. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Total phenolic compounds and soil analyses were performed. The main components of HECLex were ar-turmerone, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone, and ß-sesquiphellandrene. The main components of HECLsd were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 2, 3-bis([trimethylsilyl]oxy) propyl ester, verrucarol, and 1-monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether. HECLsd had significantly higher levels of phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity compared with HECLex. In conclusion, processes of the preparation of C. longarhizomes alter the chemical components and consequently their biological activity.

La evidencia epidemiológica indica que la actividad de los antioxidantes de las plantas pueden tratar o ayudar a prevenir el desarrollo de diversas enfermedades. Una especie con gran potencial como antioxidante es Curcuma longa. Sin embargo, diferentes técnicas de extracción pueden influir en los compuestos químicos aislados. Este estudio investigó la composición química y la actividad antioxidante de dos extractos de rizoma de C. longa: hidroetanólico, obtenido por agotamiento (HECLex); y se seca con un secador por pulverización (HECLsd). La composición fitoquímica se evaluó mediante GC/MS. La actividad antioxidante se evaluó mediante ensayos DPPH y FRAP. Se realizaron análisis de suelos y compuestos fenólicos totales. Los componentes principales de HECLex fueron ar-turmerona, γ-curcumene, α-turmerone y ß-sesquiphellandrene. Los componentes principales de HECLsd fueron ácido 9,12,15-octadecatrienoico, éster 2,3-bis ([trimetilsilil] oxi) propílico, verrucarol y éter 1-monolinoleoilglicerol trimetilsilil. HECLsd tenía niveles significativamente más altos de compuestos fenólicos y mayor capacidad antioxidante en comparación con HECLex. En conclusión, los procesos de preparación de los rizomas de C. longa alteran los componentes químicos y consecuentemente su actividad biológica.

A novel sesquiterpenoid from Curcuma longa L / 药学学报

A new compound was isolated from the 95% ethanolic extract of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. using silica gel column chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography. The structure and absolute configuration of the compound was elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. It is a novel sesquiterpenoid, which is named as isoturmeronol B (1). The carbon skeleton of compound 1 is similar to that of bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid. The only difference is that the methyl group at C-4 in bisabolene-type sesquiterpenoid is migrated to C-5 in compound 1. Besides, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the compound 1 were evaluated. The results showed that 1 has no anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Actividad Antioxidante, Antibacteriana y Citostática de Extractos de Cúrcuma (Curcuma Longa)

Resumen Parte de la Industria Farmacéutica se desarrolla sobre la base de nuevas plantas descubiertas por los pueblos indígenas, la Cúrcuma, lo utilizaban de manera tradicional para el tratamiento de afecciones cutáneas, hepáticas, digestivas, cancerígenas, infecciones parasitarias, virales, bacterianas, entre otras. Objetivos: evaluar la actividad antioxidante, antibacteriana, tóxica, citostática y determinar la composición fitoquímica de extractos de Curcuma longa cultivada en el sector de Cristal Mayu del Chapare. Métodos: se prepararon dos extractos etanólicos 70% y 96%, se cuantificó los polifenoles por el método de Folin-ciocalteu, se evaluó la actividad antioxidante con el reactivo DPPH, se evaluó la actividad antibacteriana con dos bacterias gram negativas (E. coli y K. pneumoniae) y una bacteria gram positiva (S. aureus), se determinó la toxicidad sobre la Artemia salina y la actividad citostática mediante el ensayo de inhibición del crecimiento de la raíz de lechuga. Se cuantificó el total de curcuminoides. Resultados: el extracto al 96% presenta mayor cantidad de fenoles totales y posee actividad antioxidante. Solo el extracto al 96% presenta actividad antibacteriana frente a S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumopniae. Por otro lado, la Cúrcuma presenta toxicidad frente a la Artemia salina, inhibe el crecimiento de la raíz de lechuga y posee un 5% de curcuminoides totales. Conclusiones: la caracterización de los compuestos confirma su composición como polifenoles, lo cual se relaciona a la actividad biológica de éstos, encontrándose que la Cúrcuma posee actividades antioxidantes, antibacterianas, citotóxicas y su importancia en el área de la salud como una alternativa para el tratamiento de muchas enfermedades.

Abstract Part of the pharmaceutical industry is developed on the basis of new plants discovered by indigenous peoples, turmeric, used in a traditional way for the treatment of skin, liver, digestive, carcinogenic, parasitic, viral, bacterial infections, among others. Objective: to evaluate the antioxidant, antibacterial, toxic and cytostatic activity and to determine the phytochemistry of the turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract, grown in the Cristal Mayu area of Chapare. Methods: two ethanolic extracts 70% and 96% were prepared, polyphenols were quantified by Folin-ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity was evaluated with DPPH reagent, antibacterial activity was evaluated with two gram negative bacteria (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) and one gram positive bacteria (S. aureus), toxicity on Artemia salina and cytostatic activity was determined by lettuce root growth inhibition assay. Total curcuminoids were quantified. Results: the 96% extract has a higher amount of total phenols and antioxidant activity. Only the 96% extract showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumopniae. On the other hand, turmeric has toxicity against Artemia salina, inhibits the growth of lettuce root and has 5% of total curcuminoids. Conclusions: characterization of the compounds confirms their composition as polyphenols, which relates to their biological activity, showing that Turmeric has antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activity, as well as its importance in the healthcare field as an alternative treatment for various diseases.

Study on integrated technology of producing area processing and decoction pieces processing of Curcuma longa / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To op timize the i ntegrated technology of producing area processing and decoction pieces processing of Curcuma longa （hereinafter refer to “integrated technology ”）. METHODS The content of ethanol-soluble extract in C. longa was determined by hot leaching method ；the contents of curcumin ，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of identification of producing area processing technology ， Using overall desirability （OD） value of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ， curcumin， demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin as evaluation indexes ，moisture content ，slice thickness and drying temperature as factors ，the integrated technology of C. longa was optimized by single factor tests combined with central composite design-response surface method ，and the validation tests were conducted. At the same time ，prepared product was compared with traditional decoction pieces prepared according to 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅰ）. RESULTS The best integrated technology was that the fresh C. longa was boiled in boiling water for 5 min，dried at 50 ℃ to 40％ water content ，cut into 2 mm thin slices ，and dried at 50 ℃ until moisture content not exceeding 15.0％. After validation ，The deviation between the average OD value （0.811 3，RSD＝2.13％） and the predicted value （0.848 1）of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，curcumin，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin was 4.34％. OD value of the contents of ethanol-soluble extract ，curcumin，demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin in decoction pieces prepared by integrated technology were all higher than those prepared by traditional technology. CONCLUSIONS The process optimized in this study is simple ，stable and feasible.

Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and its constituent (curcumin) on the metabolic syndrome: An updated review / 中西医结合学报

Metabolic syndrome (MS) involves people with the following risk factors: obesity, hypertension, high glucose level and hyperlipidemia. It can increase the risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of MS in the world's adult population is about 20%-25%. Today, there is much care to use medicinal plants. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) as well as curcumin which is derived from the rhizome of the plant, has been shown beneficial effects on different components of MS. Thus, the purpose of this manuscript was to introduce different in vitro, in vivo and human studies regarding the effect of turmeric and its constituent on MS. Moreover, different mechanisms of action by which this plant overcomes MS have been introduced. Based on studies, turmeric and its bioactive component, curcumin, due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, have antidiabetic effects through increasing insulin release, antihyperlipidemic effects by increasing fatty acid uptake, anti-obesity effects by decreasing lipogenesis, and antihypertensive effects by increasing nitric oxide. According to several in vivo, in vitro and human studies, it can be concluded that turmeric or curcumin has important values as a complementary therapy in MS. However, more clinical trials should be done to confirm these effects.

Efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante in vitro de Curcuma longa sobre macrófagos murinos durante la infección por Helicobacter pylori

RESUMEN Introducción: La colonización por Helicobacter pylori produce una inflamación en la mucosa gástrica con el consecuente desarrollo de enfermedades gastroduodenales. Frente a altas tasas de resistencia antimicrobiana y la ausencia de una vacuna en humanos, la alternativa ha sido la búsqueda de extractos de plantas con propiedades antimicrobiana, antiinflamatoria, antioxidante, antifúngica y anticancerígena como la Curcuma longa. Sin embargo, al ser una especie introducida y adaptada a las condiciones climáticas del país, son necesarios los estudios preclínicos que avalen su potencial antiinflamatorio y antioxidante. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del extracto de C. longa sobre macrófagos peritoneales infectados con H. pylori. Métodos: Para evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante del extracto de C. longa sobre macrófagos murinos infectados por H. pylori, se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones del extracto y relaciones de bacteria, y se evaluó la muerte celular mediante DAPI. Se determinó la producción de óxido nítrico, peróxido de hidrógeno y los niveles de la interleucina-1β. Resultados: La viabilidad del macrófago se afectó frente a concentraciones de 100 µg/mL del extracto de cúrcuma y a partir de 25 bacterias/macrófago. Al combinar las diferentes concentraciones del extracto con las multiplicidades bacterianas se observó una reducción en los niveles de H2O2 e IL-1β; sin embargo, la reducción del óxido nítrico se observó en el rango de 6,25-50 µg/mL del producto natural. Conclusiones: El extracto de cúrcuma cubano mostró potencial antioxidante y antiinflamatorio al disminuir la citotoxicidad celular y la producción de especies reactivas del oxígeno en macrófagos peritoneales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Colonization by Helicobacter pylori causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa with the consequent development of gastroduodenal diseases. In view of the high antimicrobial resistance rates and the absence of a vaccine for humans, the alternative has been to search for plant extracts with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer properties. An example is Curcuma longa. However, being as it is a species introduced and adapted to the country's climate conditions, it is necessary to conduct preclinical studies demonstrating its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a C. longa extract on peritoneal macrophages infected by H. pylori. Methods: With the purpose of describing the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of C. longa on murine macrophages infected by H. pylori, an evaluation was conducted of various extract concentrations and bacterial relationships, while cell death was assessed by DAPI. Determination was made of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production, as well as of interleukin-1β levels. Results: Viability of the macrophage was affected in the presence of 100 µg/ml concentrations of the turmeric extract and as from 25 bacteria / macrophage. When different concentrations of the extract were combined with the bacterial multiplicities, a reduction was observed in H2O2 and IL-1β levels. However, nitric oxide reduction was observed within the range of 6.25-50 µg/ml of the natural product. Conclusions: The Cuban turmeric extract was found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential by reducing cell cytotoxicity and the production of reactive oxygen species in peritoneal macrophages.

Phytochemical analysis and biological activities of ethanolic extract of Curcuma longa rhizome / Análise fitoquímica e atividades biológicas do extrato etanólico do rizoma de Curcuma longa

Abstract Curcuma longa is an important dietary plant which possess several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflamatory, anticancer and anti clotting etc. The aim of the present study was to determine the phenolic profile of Curcuma longa and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. In HPLC chromatogram of Curcuma longa rhizome extract 15 phenolic compounds were identified namely Digalloyl-hexoside, Caffeic acid hexoside, Curdione, Coumaric, Caffeic acid, Sinapic acid, Qurecetin-3-D-galactoside, Casuarinin, Bisdemethoxycurcumin, Curcuminol, Demethoxycurcumin, and Isorhamnetin, Valoneic acid bilactone, Curcumin, Curcumin-O-glucuronide respectively. The ethanolic extract displayed an IC50 value of 37.1±0.3 µg/ml against alpha glucosidase. The IC50 value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 27.2 ± 1.1 μg/mL. It is concluded that ethanolic extract of Curcuma long is rich source of curcumin and contain several important phenolics. The in vitro antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitory effect of the plant justifies its popular use in traditional medicine.

Resumo A Curcuma longa é uma importante planta presente na dieta da população, pois possui diversas atividades farmacológicas, incluindo antioxidante, antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, anticancerígena, anticoagulante etc. O objetivo do presente estudo foi elucidar o perfil fenólico da Curcuma longa e determinar as atividades antioxidante e antidiabética in vitro do extrato. No cromatograma por HPLC do extrato de rizoma de Curcuma longa, foram identificados 15 compostos fenólicos: digaloil-hexosídeo, hexosídeo de ácido cafeico, curdiona, cumárico, ácido cafeico, ácido sinápico, quercetina-3-D-galactosídeo, casuarinina, bisdemetoxicurcumina, curcuminol, demetoxicurcumina, isoramnetina, bilactona de ácido valônico, curcumina e curcumina-O-glicuronídeo. O extrato etanólico apresentou um valor de IC50 de 37,1 ± 0,3 µg / mL em relação à alfa-glucosidase. O valor de IC50 da atividade de eliminação de radicais DPPH foi de 27,2 ± 1,1 μg / mL. Conclui-se que o extrato etanólico de Curcuma longa é uma rica fonte de curcumina e contém várias substâncias fenólicas importantes. O efeito antioxidante in vitro e inibidor da alfa-glucosidase da planta justifica seu uso popular na medicina tradicional.

Microscopic Changes of Radiations and Combined Effect of 2G Mobile Phone Radiations with Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) On Germ Cells of Testis in Albino Rats

Background: This study was conducted to observe thehistological Effects of Radiations and Combined Effect of 2gmobile Phone Radiations with Turmeric (curcuma longa) ongerm cells of Testis in Albino Rats.Subject and Methods: The study was conducted on 32 malealbino rats. They were divided into four groups A, B, C, D.Group A was control group. Group B was exposed to radiationsfrom cell phone (2G mobile 900-1900 Mhz). Group C wasgiven curcuma longa orally and group D was exposed to bothradiations and curcuma longa given orally.Results: After given two month of mobile phone radiation theanimals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation method andtestis were used for observation of germ cells. the regularly cellphone radiation exposure on testis decrease the number ofgerm cells.Conclusion: The regularly exposure of radiation leads todecrease the number of germ cells, the harmful effect could bedecrease by cucuma longa.

Analysis of Curcuma longa Q-markers based on traditional efficacy and modern research / 中草药

Curcuma longa, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine, which is warm in nature, acrid and bitter in taste. It has the effects of supplementing qi and activating blood circulation, treating amenorrhea, and pain relief. It was first collected in the Annotation of Materia Medica with long medication history. In this paper, chemical composition and main pharmacological activities of C. longa were summarized, and the quality markers of C. longa were predicted and analyzed based on traditional efficacy and modern research. It is suggested that the identification and quantification of ar-turmerone, α-turmerone, β-turmerone, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin, and flavonoids should be carried out and the further research of the chemical group of terpenoids and sterols from C. longa should be focused, which could provide scientific basis for clarifying the quality marker (Q-marker) and quality evaluation research of C. longa.

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Composition in Methanol and Petroleum Ether Fractions from Curcuma longa of Different Habitats / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To compare the chemical compo sition difference in methanol and petroleum ether fraction from Curcuma longa of different habitats. METHODS ：The ultrasonic method was used to extract C. longa from 7 defferent producingareas（S1-S7），and methanol and petroleum ether fraction were obtained and calculated yield. The curcumin compounds in methanol fraction were determined by LC-MS ；The chemical components in petroleum ether fraction were analyzed by GC-MS ， and the relative percentage content was determined by peak area normalization method after determining its structure by comparing NIST 2005 standard mass spectra and Wiley 275 standard mass spectra. SPSS 25.0 software was used for principle component analysis（PCA）and cluster analysis of relative percentage content of common components in petroleum ether fraction from C. longa of different habitats. At the same time ，the influence of latitude of the habitats on the content of total tumerone （by tumerone and ar-tumerone ）was analyzed. RESULTS ：The yield of methanol fraction were 1.35％-8.90％ from C. longa of 7 habitats；the yield of petroleum ether fraction were 0.81％-4.90％，which were the highest in C. longa from Longyan of Fujian Province. There was no significant difference in the relative content of curcumin compounds（reference peak area ）from S 1，S3-S7，which was in descending order as follows as curcumin ＞desmethoxycurcumin＞bisdemethoxycurcumin. There was slightly different in curcumin compounds of C. longa from S 2，mainly manifesting as the content of bisdemethoxycurcumin was higher than that from other producing areas. Totally 48 chemical compositions were identified from petroleum ether fraction in C. longa from different habitats ， mainly being sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids. 23，10，15，18，11，14，15 chemical compositions were identified from S1-S7，accounting for 94.49％，96.09％，95.66％，98.98％，99.24％，89.05％ and 97.27％. There were 4 common compositions in C. longa from different habitats ，which were tumerone （17.90％-43.07％），ar-tumerone（6.97％-33.66％），（6R，7R）-bisabolone （1.60％-4.28％），curlone（6.80％-20.63％）. PCA analysis showed that accumulative contribution rate of former 6 principle components was 100％. Cluster analysis showed that S1，S2， S6 was clustered into a category ，respecrively；and others intoa category. Total content of total tumerone decreased first and then increased as the increase of latitude ，which was the highest in Mianyang of Sichuan province （64.28％）and the lowest in Zhangzhou of Fujian province （26.92％）. CONCLUSIONS ： There are difference in composition and content of methanol and petroleum ether fractions in C. longa from different habitats.